Thursday 9 March 2017

What is EpiPen?


EpiPen is an injection containing epinephrine, a chemical that narrows blood vessels and opens airways in the lungs.
These effects can reverse severe low blood pressure, wheezing, skin itching, hives, and other symptoms of an allergic reaction.
EpiPen is used to treat severe allergic reactions to insect stings or bites, foods, drugs, and other allergens.
EpiPen may be kept on hand for self-injection by a person with a history of an severe allergic reaction.
The company that made EpiPen is manufactured by King and marketed by Mylan.
DRUGS.COM KNOW MORE..BE SURE. (2017) EpiPen [Online] Available from: https://www.drugs.com/epipen-auto-injector.html  [Accessed: 26 February 2017]

This is a graph that I made of the cost of a single EpiPen in different countries.
BLOOMBERG. (2016) Why the $600 EpiPen Costs $69 in Britain. [Online] Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-29/epipen-s-69-cost-in-britain-shows-other-extreme-of-drug-pricing-itnvgvam [Accessed: 26th January 2017].

Friday 3 March 2017

Cost Of Medicine Determines Who Is Given Medicine



Srees Durga is a pharmacist from Mount Elizabeth I sent my questionnaire for her to fill it out. And she states that the cost of medicine does not affect who has access to medicine.’Patients could opt to go down to the government Hospitals to get their medications. The medications there are sold at subsidized cost for the patients. And even after those subsidy, if the patients find it hard to pay for the medications, they have other ways for the patients to pay up for it. Like for an example, government has come up with Medication Assistance Fund (MAF), this helps Singaporeans afford selected high cost medications from 50% to 75% subsidy.’

In other words Patients could go to their government Hospitals to get their medicines.The medicine sold there are financed cost for the patients. And even after those finance, if the patients find it hard to pay for the medications they have other ways for the patients to pay up for it. Like for an example, government has come up with Medication Assistance Fund (MAF), this helps Singaporeans afford selected high cost medications from 50% to 75%.

Noov Hanisah is a Pharmacist in training from Guardian. I gave her my questionnaire to fill out. her She states that the cost of medicine indeed affects who is given medicine.’Patients who can’t afford expensive medicines may take certain type only.’


The makers of the EpiPen have increased the price of the device from $100 in 2008 to above $500 in 2016, making it a hike of over 400 percent.

The EpiPen, a live saving device for most children, helps during a sudden allergic reaction that could be life threatening. Parents are now scrambling to find a way around the price since the rise has raised a question mark on affordability.

THE INDIAN EXPRESS. (2016) Mylan increases price of EpiPen by 400%, parents struggle to find alternatives [Online] Available from: http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/mylan-increases-price-of-epipen-parents-struggle-to-find-alternatives-2989819/
[Accessed: 23 February 2017]

According to Unicef Children Rights Article 16 says that
“All children have the right to life. Governments should ensure that children survive and develop healthily.” How can we survive without medicine when we get ill? Has the government done anything to make sure that we have a healthy life and if we are ill we get the proper medicine. If we don’t get the proper medicine we will die of are illness. According to article 24 it says ”Children have the right to good quality health care, to clean water, nutritious food, and a clean environment, so that they will stay healthy. Rich countries should help poorer countries achieve this” 400 million people do not have access to medicine. What is the point of rights if we don’t follow them?

UNICEF (2010) LITTLE BOOK OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITY [Online] Available from: https://www.unicef.org/rightsite/files/little_book_rights.pdf [Accessed: 28 February 2017]



Wednesday 1 March 2017

Individuals Needs When Receiving Medicine

This is my prediction on the needs of individual's
  1. Low or sensible prices
  2. Cheaper drugs in poorer countries
  3. People want drug to be widely available
  4. People want safe and effective medicines
  5. People want health care should pay most of the cost of medicines
This is why 41-year old Levin needs EpiPen to survive:


Just moments earlier, at the dentist Levin told the clinicians that she was allergic to amoxicillin, an antibiotic that can treat infections, she said. However, they prescribed a medication that was still in the same penicillin family, which she said caused the reaction.
"That's why I need EpiPens, because I don't know what to avoid," Levin said, referring to the portable auto-injector devices used to treat allergic reactions.
Usually she is supposed to carry four."Because of my history, I'm really supposed to have four with me at all times, and when I travel, I'm supposed to have like six or eight," she said. "Usually, one is not enough because the reaction is immediately severe, so there are times where I have to use up to three until I can get help.
And what does that life-saving medication cost her?
"Last year, it's $200 each or even $300." For some, it costs even more.”


Perspective of a 30-year old mother in Cincinnati named Theresa Ray on the price of medicine. She was was surprised to find that purchasing two EpiPen two-packs for her 6-year-old son would have cost her family about $1,300, she said. Her son was diagnosed with food allergies in 2001 "When we first bought them (about five years ago), it was around $100 or $150 for a twinpack, and at that time I remember thinking, 'Wow, that's kind of expensive.' Then, the next year, I found out they expired and we have to get them every year. They were more expensive, but by that time, only a couple hundred dollars," Ray said.’
CNN. (2016) EpiPen cost soars, but it's not the only drug to. [Online] Available from: http://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/23/health/epipen-price-mylan-prescription-drugs-increase/index.html [Accessed: 23rd January 2017].


Ed Silverman from STAT wrote in his article that roughly 8 in 10 people, from the U.S.A, believes that prescription drugs are absurd. In addition, two thirds of American are in favor of creating an independent group to administer prices of medicine.”71% of Americans believe they should be able to import medicines from Canada,” 9 in 10 people support idea that drug-makers should be required to reveal information on how prices are set.


The survey, which queried more than 1,200 Americans, was conducted in mid-September, shortly after disagreement erupted over Mylan Pharmaceuticals and its pricing strategy for EpiPen but, outrage has hardly been cramped to any one type of company or treatment.The survey also found that 86 percent of Americans believe drug makers should be required to disclose data used to set prices. Only 47 percent of those surveyed favor eliminating prescription drug ads, which gained size attention last year when the American Medical Association publicly called for a ban on such advertising.42 percent support any policy that would encourage consumers to purchase lower-cost drugs by requiring them to pay more for similar, but more expensive medicines.
A few American’s say that they have difficulty paying for medicines. Fifty-five percent reported they are taking prescription drugs and, of those, 73 percent say affordability is not an issue but, 42 percent who say their health is fair or poor did report having difficulty and 37 percent of those currently taking four or more medications say cost is a problem, compared to 19 percent taking less than four medications.


Nine out of ten adults either blame “some” for high cost in healthcare and two-thirds blame them “a lot”  the poll revealed. As a result, the proportion of Americans who support price controls  and medical devices has now increased to 81%.

Tuesday 28 February 2017

Wants of companies when selling medicine


This is my prediction on the wants of companies when selling medicine.
  • Long period of patent protection (more profits);
  • No government price negotiations;
  • Companies don't want imported medicine which can compete with theirs;
  • Companies do not want cheap copies of theirs products even after their patents expire;
  • They want to have a say in who makes it even after their patents expire;
  • Companies hate compulsory licensing, like in India, or any other manner of control on the price;
  • Companies like to create medicines for rich people's diseases like diabetes but not poor people's diseases like malaria;

Reported in The Washington Post “drug companies say high prices are necessary to cover their research to cover their research and development costs, enabling them to discover innovative new medicines. ’’
In 1953, a new drug was released by Burroughs Wellcome, a pharmaceutical company based in London.  The medications name was Pyrimethamine it was originally intended to fight malaria, after the microorganisms that cause the disease developed resistance to earlier therapies. The drug was used against malaria for several decades.
More than 40 years later, Burroughs Wellcome merged with the British pharmaceutical giant Glaxo. In 2010, the company, now GlaxoSmithKline, sold the U.S. rights to pyrimethamine.By then, the patent on the drug had long since expired, but because nobody bothered to make a generic.
In August 2015, there was another significant development in the drug’s history: CorePharma’s parent company, Impax Laboratories, sold it to Turing Pharmaceuticals. Almost immediately, the company raised the price from $18 a pill to $750 and this past week it sent its brash chief executive, Martin Shkreli, out to aggressively defend the new cost. A course of treatment for toxoplasmosis is about 100 pills, which under the new pricing would run $75,000. Why the astonishing increase? The answer is: Why not
WASHINGTON POST. (2015) Why do drug companies charge so much? Because they can. [Online] Available from:https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-do-drug-companies-charge-so-much-because-they-can/2015/09/25/967d3df4-6266-11e5-b38e-06883aacba64_story.html?utm_term=.ad1aa306b599 [Accessed: 21st February 2017]
According to Medical Daily “European public health experts estimate that pharmaceutical companies cashed-in over the last decade by pushing 'evergreen' medications on Swiss consumers. The researchers calculated that evergreening cost the healthcare system in Geneva an extra 30 million euros between 2000 and 2008.”
Drug patents last usually for 20 years, but much of this time is spent in the expensive research and development phase. It takes 12 years and $350 million on average to progress a new drug from the laboratory to a pharmacy shelf. The drug company will have 8 years left of patent time to sell the drug they have created
MEDICAL DAILY. (2013) Drugs
'Evergreen' Drugs Extend Pharma Patents, May Have Cost Swiss Consumers 30M Euros [Online] Available from:


Monday 27 February 2017

Causes Of People Having Unequal Access To Medicine



This is my prediction on the reasons why people have unequal access to medicine.  
  • Poverty -- some people are too poor to buy food; how will they buy medicines;
  • Not enough government support -- some governments like Japan, Canada, UK etc. help citizens get access to cheaper medicines, but many other governments (such as the U.S.) won’t do as much they can and some other governments (like India) don’t have enough money to help citizens;
  • Many life-saving and critical or chronic illness medicines are super expensive, which means they are not available in poor countries (because companies don’t want to take the trouble of selling at a low price in poor countries)
We think this should be affecting who is given medicine
  • When needed should be affordable and available
  • We have to find a way of paying companies enough without putting the burden on poor people

How Poverty Affects Health-care
People living in poverty lack nutritious food which decreases their bodies chance to fight off diseases. Those people who are living in poverty cannot afford the appropriate medicine to treat their illness.  
THE BORGEN PROJECT. (2014) 5 Effects ofn Poverty [Online] Available from: https://borgenproject.org/5-effects-poverty/
[Accessed: 21st February 2017]



Access to essential drugs in poor countries: a lost battle?

Drugs offer is a simple and cost-effective solution to many health problems in the world, provided they are available, affordable and properly used. African Trypanosomiasis, Shigella dysentery, Leishmaniasis, tuberculosis and bacterial meningitis are just some of the examples of health problems in poor countries for which effective treatment is wanted.
MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS. (2016) Access to essential drugs in poor countries: a lost battle? [Online] Available from:
[Accessed: 21 February 2017]



Lack of access is particularly concentrated in Africa and India.
Access to essential medicines appears closely correlated with other indicators of health system performance, such as disability-adjusted life expectancy.
The majority of low- and middle-income countries use essential medicines lists in selecting their medicines and are more likely to use these to limit procurement choices than are high-income countries.
Generic competition and differential pricing can contribute substantially to the affordability of medicines in low-income countries.
Bulk purchasing, careful price comparison, compulsory licensing and differential pricing schemes may help countries obtain better purchasing prices for medicines.
Greater scope for domestic price regulation exists in many low-income countries.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. (2016) Chapter 7. Access to essential medicines [Online] Available from: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js6160e/9.html [Accessed: 21 February 2017]
Why people lack access to essential medicines
According to Medecins Sans Frontieres Doctors Without Borders, Millions of people die each year from diseases for which medicines are too expensive. They cannot prove this but we can.
MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS. (2015) Frequently Asked Questions The Access To Essential Medicines EXPO [Online] Available from:
[Accessed: 21 February 2017]

Sovaldi works incredibly well to cure Hepatitis C.
The trouble? It costs $1,000 per day for all 12 weeks of treatment.

Laura Bush’s clinic (Laura Bush is a nurse-practitioner near Albuquerque) is a federally qualified health center in the rural town of Los Lunas, New Mexico, which means she sees a disproportionate number of patients who are underinsured, and on Medicaid, the government insurance program for the poor. In other words, they can’t afford Sovaldi. That means that they have no access to Sovaldi.
THE ATLANTIC. (2015) The True Cost of an Expensive Medication [Online] Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/09/an-expensive-medications-human-cost/407299/ [Accessed: 21 February 2017]

About This Blog


Hi, my name is Aarna. I am 10 years old and in grade 5. This blog is about why people don't have access to medicine, the wants of companies when selling medicine, needs of individuals when reviving medication and how the cost of medicine determines who is given medicine.